Epilia: Epilepsy Commu > Volume 1(1); 2019 > Article |
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Author contributions
Conceptualization: JMK. Data curation: JMK. Formal analysis: JMK. Funding acquisition: JMK. Investigation: JMK. Methodology: JMK. Project administration: JMK. Resources: JMK. Software: JMK. Supervision: JMK. Validation: SK. Visualization: SK. Writing—original draft: JMK. Writing—review & editing: SK.
Early Status Epilepticus: Stage I |
Intravenous (IV) route available: |
– Lorazepam 0.07 mg/kg (usually 4 mg) IV bolus (maximum rate 2 mg/min); if necessary can be repeated once. |
OR |
– Diazepam 5–10 mg IV bolus (maximum rate 5 mg/min); if necessary can be repeated once up to 20 mg. |
OR |
– Clonazepam 1 mg IV bolus (maximum rate 0.5 mg/min); if necessary can be repeated once after 5 min. |
If IV route is difficult or not possible: |
– Midazolam 10 mg buccal (5 mg in the elderly or in patients <50 kg); if necessary can be repeated once after 10 min. Alternatively, use 10 mg/2 mL injection via buccal route. |
OR |
– Midazolam 10 mg intramuscularly (5 mg in the elderly or in patients <50 kg); if necessary can be repeated once after 10 min. |
OR |
– Diazepam 10 mg rectal (5 mg in the elderly or in patients <50 kg); if necessary can be repeated once after 10 min. |
Established Status Epilepticus: Stage II |
– Phenobarbital 10 mg/kg (range 10–20) IV bolus infusion at a max. rate of 100 mg/min. |
OR |
– Phenytoin 18 mg/kg (range 15–20) IV bolus infusion at max. rate of 50 mg/min. |
OR |
– Fosphenytoin 15 mg PE/kg (range 15–20) IV bolus infusion at max. rate of 100 mg PE/min. |
OR |
– Valproate 30 mg/kg (range 15–30) IV bolus infusion at 3–6 mg/kg/min. |
OR |
– Levetiracetam* 30 mg/kg (range 30–60) IV bolus infused over 10 min. |
OR |
– Lacosamide* 200–400 mg IV bolus infused over 3–5 min. |
Refractory Status Epilepticus: Stage III |
The following drugs need to be administered by a neurointensivist/experienced anaesthetist in an intensive care unit setting: |
– Propofol 2 mg/kg IV bolus infusion, repeated if necessary, and then followed by a continuous infusion of 5–10 mg/kg/h initially, reducing to a dose sufficient to maintain a burst-suppression pattern on the EEG (usually 1–3 mg/kg/h). |
OR |
– Thiopental 100–250 mg IV bolus infusion giver over 20 s with further 50-mg boluses every 2–3 min until seizure control, followed by a continuous IV infusion at a dose sufficient to maintain a burst-suppression pattern on the EEG (usually 3–5 mg/kg/h). |
OR |
– Pentobarbital 5–15 mg/kg IV bolus, followed by a continuous IV infusion at a dose sufficient to maintain a burst-suppression pattern on the EEG (usually 0.5–3 mg/kg/h). |
OR |
– Midazolam 0.1–0.3 mg/kg IV bolus infusion at max. rate of 4 mg/min initially, followed by a continuous IV infusion at a dose sufficient to maintain a burstsuppression pattern on the EEG (usually 0.05–0.4 mg/kg/h). |
After seizure control has been achieved for at least 12 h, the drug dosage should be slowly reduced over a further 12 h. If seizures recur, the anesthetic agent should be administered again for another 12 h, and then withdrawal attempted again. This cycle may need to be repeated every 24 h until achievement of seizure control. |
Continuous EEG monitoring is indicated to assess level of anesthesia (burst-suppression pattern) and abolition of ictal discharges after drug withdrawal. |
Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus: Stage IV |
No randomized, controlled trials are available in the literature to inform about the use of any drug in the treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus. |
Maintain the use of anesthetic drugs used in Stage III |
Consider the use of: |
– Ketamine* 1–3 mg/kg IV bolus, followed by a continuous IV infusion at a dose sufficient to maintain a burst-suppression pattern on the EEG (usually up to 5 mg/kg/h). |
As second-line therapy consider: |
– Hypothermia* levels of hypothermia uncertain, usually target temperatures between 32 and 35℃ continued in the first instance for 24–48 h; |
– Magnesium infusion* dose of 2–6 g/h to obtain a serum level of 3.5 mmol/L; |
– Pyridoxine infusion* (in young children): 180–300 mg; |
– Immunologic therapy* high-dose steroids (1 g/day in adults) over 3 days and continued at lower doses (1 mg/kg/day) over 1 week; in addition, course of IV immunoglobulin (0.4 g/kg/day) over 5 days or plasma exchange; |
– Ketogenic diet*; |
– Emergency neurosurgery* (including focal resection, multiple subpial transection, corpus callosotomy, and hemispherectomy, even in combination). |
As third-line therapy consider: |
– Electroconvulsive therapy*; |
– Cerebrospinal fluid drainage*. |
* No randomized, controlled trials available in the literature to inform about the use of this drug/procedure in this stage of status epilepticus.
Adapted from Trinka (2015).31
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